导数所体现的是原函数的变化趋势,不能表现原函数的大小、正负,比如原函数恒大于零,而它的导数则没有这种特性。导函数的几何意义是原函数的图像在某点切线的斜率,另外,对求最值解不等式都有重要的意义。
值得注意的是,导数是一个数,是指函数f(x)在点x0处导函数的函数值,但通常也可以说导函数为导数,其区别仅在于一个点还是连续的点。导函数的几何意义是代表函数上某一点在该点处切线的斜率。
函数在定义域中一点可导需要一定的条件,条件为函数在该点的左右两侧导数都存在且相等。这实际上是按照极限存在的一个充要条件即极限存在它的左右极限存在且相等,推导而来的。
一般地,设函数y=f(x)在某个区间内有导数,如果在这个区间y'>0,那么函数y=f(x)在这个区间上为增函数;如果在这个区间y'<0,那么函数y=f(x)在这个区间上为减函数;如果在这个区间y'=0,那么函数y=f(x)在这个区间上为常数函数。
一般地,设函数y=f(x)在x=x0及其附近有定义,如果f(x0)的值比x0附近所有各点的函数值都大,我们说f(x0)是函数y=f(x)的一个极大值;如果f(x0)的值比x0附近所有各点的函数值都小,我们说f(x0)是函数y=f(x)的一个极小值。极大值与极小值统称极值。
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